Kerosene is a hydrocarbon fraction that typically distils between 170-270C (narrow cut kerosene, or Jet A1) or 100-250C ( wide cut kerosene, or JP-4 ).
It contains around 20% of aromatics, however the aromatic content will be reduced for high quality lighting kerosenes, as the aromatics reduce the smoke point.
The major use for kerosenes today is as aviation turbine (jet) fuels. Special properties are required for that application, including high flash point for safe refuelling ( 38C for Jet A1 ), low freezing point forhigh altitude flying ( -47C for Jet A1 ), and good water separation characteristics.
Diesel is used in compression ignition engines, and is a hydrocarbon fraction that typically distils between 250-380C. Diesel engines use the Cetane (n-hexadecane) rating to assess ignition delay. Normal alkanes have a high cetane rating, ( nC16=100 ) where as aromatics (alpha methylnaphthalene = 0 ) and iso-alkanes ( 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 8, 8 - hexamethylnonane = 15 ) have low ratings, which represent long ignition delays.
Because of the size of the hydrocarbons, the low temperature flow properties control the composition of diesel, and additives are used to prevent filter blocking in cooler temperatures. There are usually summer and winter grades. Environmental legislation is reducing the amount of aromatics and sulfur permitted in diesel, and the emission of small particulates ( diameters of <10um>
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