All flammable liquid has a vapour pressure, which is a function of that liquid's temperature.
As the temperature increases, the vapour pressure increases.
As the vapour pressure increases, the concentration of evaporated flammable liquid in the air increases.
Hence, temperature determines the concentration of evaporated flammable liquid in the air.
Each flammable liquid requires a different concentration of its vapour in air to sustain combustion.
Each flammable liquid requires a different concentration of its vapour in air to sustain combustion.
The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which there can be enough flammable vapour to ignite, when an ignition source is applied.
There are two basic types of flash point measurement: open cup and closed cup.
In open cup devices the sample is contained in an open cup (hence the name) which is heated, and at intervals a flame is brought over the surface.
There are two basic types of flash point measurement: open cup and closed cup.
In open cup devices the sample is contained in an open cup (hence the name) which is heated, and at intervals a flame is brought over the surface.
The measured flash point will actually vary with the height of the flame above the liquid surface, and at sufficient height the measured flash point temperature will coincide with the fire point. The best known example is the Cleveland Open Cup (COC).
There are two types of Closed cup testers: one is non-equilibrium Flash point, such as Pensky-Martens where the vapours above the liquid are not in temperature equilibrium with the liquid, and another one is equilibrium temperature flash point, where the vapours and the liquid temperature are in equilibrium condition.
There are two types of Closed cup testers: one is non-equilibrium Flash point, such as Pensky-Martens where the vapours above the liquid are not in temperature equilibrium with the liquid, and another one is equilibrium temperature flash point, where the vapours and the liquid temperature are in equilibrium condition.
In both these types the cups are sealed with a lid through which the ignition source can be introduced. Closed cup testers normally give lower values for the flash point than Open cup (typically 5-10 °C) and are a better approximation to the temperature at which the vapour pressure reaches the lower flammable limit (LFL).
Fuel------------Flash point---------------Auto ignition Temp
Ethanol---------12.8°C (55°F)---------------365°C (689°F)
Gasoline--------<−40°C (−40°F)------------246°C (475°F)
Kerosene------->38°C (162°F)--------------220°C (428°F)
Jet fuel--------->38°C (100°F)--------------210°C (410°F)
Diesel----------->62°C (143°F)--------------210°C (410°F)
Biodiesel-------->130°C (266°F)
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